• Reinforcement steel (as per design)
• Binding wire
• Formwork/shuttering panels
• Form release agent
• Cement, sand, and aggregates for concrete
• Cover blocks (concrete spacers)
• Nails, bolts, clamps for shuttering
• Curing compounds or materials

• Bar bending tools
• Measuring tape and chalk/marker
• Plumb bob and spirit level
• Concrete vibrator
• Concrete mixer or ready-mix concrete supply
• Scaffolding for tall columns/walls
• Cutting tools (hacksaw, cutting machine)
• Trowels and floats for finishing

• Verify all structural drawings are approved
• Check foundation/floor slab is cured and ready
• Ensure starter bars from foundation are in correct position and exposed
• Verify reinforcement steel grade and quantity
• Check formwork panels for cleanliness and condition
• Ensure adequate tools and manpower are available
• Review concrete mix design and arrange for supply

• Reference column positions from grid lines
• Mark column center points accurately
• Mark column outline/dimensions (rectangular/square)
• Verify diagonal measurements for square/rectangular columns
• Check alignment with other columns using string line
• Verify column orientation as per drawing
• Get approval from site engineer

• Mark wall outline as per drawing dimensions
• Verify wall thickness markings
• Mark door and window openings
• Identify and mark construction/expansion joints
• Check wall alignment and squareness
• Mark electrical conduit/box positions
• Verify wall-to-column connections

The Bar Bending Schedule provides detailed information on reinforcement requirements including bar size, shape, length, and placement for columns and walls.

• Review the BBS to identify all required bars
• Verify main bars and stirrup/tie details for columns
• Check vertical and horizontal bar details for walls
• Note special requirements (additional bars at openings)
• Verify lap length requirements

• Clean starter bars projecting from foundation
• Lap main vertical bars with starter bars (min. 40-50 times bar diameter)
• Arrange main vertical bars as per design (typically at corners and sides)
• Tie stirrups/ties around main bars starting from bottom
• Maintain closer spacing of stirrups at column ends (as per seismic requirements)
• Ensure stirrups are properly tied at all intersections
• Check verticality using plumb bob
• Install cover blocks to ensure proper concrete cover

• Set vertical bars at specified spacing (typically 150-300mm)
• Ensure proper anchoring to starter bars/foundation
• Install horizontal bars at specified spacing
• Provide additional reinforcement around openings
• Secure bars at intersections with binding wire
• Ensure proper lap length at joints
• Check alignment of reinforcement cage
• Install cover blocks to ensure concrete cover

• Traditional Timber: Flexible but less durable
• Steel/Aluminum Panels: Durable, precise, reusable
• Plywood with Steel Frame: Common hybrid system
• Proprietary Systems: DOKA, PERI, etc.
• Jump Forms: For tall walls/core walls
• Slip Forms: For continuous tall structures

• Clean and apply release agent to formwork panels
• Mark height lines on formwork panels
• Assemble the first side and align with column marking
• Install waling beams (horizontal supports) if required
• Fix adjacent sides sequentially
• Secure corners with proper clamps/bolts
• Install yokes or tension bolts to hold panels together
• Provide adequate bracing for stability
• Check verticality using plumb bob and adjust if needed
• Check dimensions and squareness

• Clean and apply release agent to formwork panels
• Install one side of wall formwork first
• Place spacers/tie rods to maintain wall thickness
• Fix waling beams horizontally for support
• Install opposite side of formwork
• Secure with tie rods, nuts, and washers
• Provide adequate bracing against lateral pressure
• Create box-outs for openings (doors/windows)
• Install sleeves for services (electrical/plumbing)
• Check alignment, plumbness, and level

Lateral pressure on formwork depends on concrete properties, pour rate, temperature, and height.

• Basic formula: P = ρ × g × h
• Simplified calculation: 25 kPa per meter height
• For vibrated concrete: Add 25-30% extra pressure
• For faster pour rates: Add additional safety factor

Columns and walls typically require M25 or higher grade concrete depending on structural requirements.

• Obtain reinforcement approval from engineer
• Check formwork stability, alignment, and tightness
• Verify proper concrete cover is maintained
• Clean inside of formwork of debris
• Check for any gaps in formwork that might leak
• Prepare and position concrete vibrators
• Arrange proper access for concrete placement
• Check lighting if concreting extends to evening
• Prepare cube molds for concrete testing

• Perform slump test before placement (100-125mm recommended)
• Cast concrete cubes for strength testing
• Wet the formwork interior if timber formwork is used
• Place concrete in layers of 300-450mm height
• Use tremie pipes for tall columns to avoid segregation
• Compact each layer thoroughly using needle vibrators
• Ensure vibration reaches previous layer (25-50mm overlap)
• Avoid over-vibration to prevent segregation
• Monitor formwork for any bulging or leakage
• For walls, ensure uniform placement on both sides
• Finish top surface of columns/walls properly

• Honeycombing: Inadequate vibration or high aggregate content
• Cold joints: Delays between concrete batches
• Segregation: Excessive vibration or improper mix
• Formwork leakage: Gaps in formwork or inadequate sealing
• Bulging: Inadequate formwork support
• Displacement of reinforcement: Movement during concreting

Premature removal of formwork can lead to structural damage. Follow these minimum time periods:

• Verify concrete has achieved sufficient strength
• Loosen bolts and clamps gradually
• Remove formwork carefully to avoid damage to concrete
• Start from top and work downward for columns
• For walls, remove one side first, then the opposite side
• Clean formwork panels immediately for reuse
• Stack formwork properly for next use
• Inspect concrete surface for defects

• Water curing: Spraying water or wrapping with wet hessian
• Ponding: Creating water pools around columns
• Curing compounds: Spraying membrane-forming compounds
• Plastic sheet wrapping: Sealing moisture with plastic sheets

• Begin curing as soon as formwork is removed
• Apply selected curing method to all exposed surfaces
• For water curing, maintain constant moisture for 7-14 days
• For curing compounds, ensure complete coverage
• Maintain curing records with dates and methods
• Protect curing concrete from extreme temperatures
• For hot weather, consider night curing to reduce evaporation

• Check for alignment and dimensions
• Inspect for honeycombing or voids
• Check for cold joints or segregation
• Look for surface cracks
• Inspect for proper levels at junctions
• Check verticality using plumb bob
• Document any defects found

• Minor honeycombing: Clean and patch with cement mortar
• Major honeycombing: Cut out affected area and recast
• Surface irregularities: Grind and apply surface treatment
• Tie rod holes: Fill with non-shrink grout
• Minor cracks: Fill with polymer-modified mortar
• Cold joints: May require chipping and epoxy treatment

The type of finish depends on the architectural requirements and whether the surface will be exposed or covered.

• Form finish: No additional treatment (quality depends on formwork)
• Rubbed finish: Rubbing with carborundum stone for smooth surface
• Plastered finish: Applying cement plaster for smoothness
• Exposed aggregate: Washing surface to expose aggregate
• Textured finish: Using special formliners or post-treatment

• Slump test: For concrete workability
• Cube tests: 7 and 28-day compressive strength
• Reinforcement testing: Tensile strength, bend test
• Cover measurement: Using cover meters
• Alignment and dimension checks: Using total station or theodolite
• Non-destructive tests: Rebound hammer or ultrasonic pulse velocity

• Bar bending schedule with verification
• Reinforcement inspection records
• Formwork inspection records
• Concrete pour cards with date, time, and mix details
• Concrete test reports
• Material test certificates
• Non-conformance reports (if any)
• Repair methodology and approvals
• Daily progress reports
• Photographic evidence at critical stages

Effective on-job training is crucial for transferring theoretical knowledge into practical skills, ensuring workers understand and implement quality standards directly on site. It fosters a culture of continuous improvement and reduces errors.

• Bridging the gap between theory and practice.
• Developing practical skills and problem-solving abilities.
• Ensuring adherence to site-specific conditions and safety protocols.
• Promoting teamwork and communication among the workforce.
• Identifying skill gaps and providing targeted coaching.

• Qualified Trainers: Experienced supervisors or engineers who can effectively demonstrate tasks and explain 'why' behind procedures.
• Structured Approach: Follow a defined training plan, covering all critical steps of column/wall construction.
• Hands-on Practice: Provide ample opportunities for trainees to perform tasks under supervision.
• Immediate Feedback: Correct mistakes and reinforce best practices in real-time.
• Safety Integration: Emphasize safety procedures at every step of the training.
• Use of Checklists: Train workers to use and understand quality checklists for self-inspection.
• Problem-Solving Scenarios: Discuss potential issues (e.g., honeycombing, misalignment) and their on-site solutions.

Supervision is the backbone of quality control on site. It involves constant monitoring, guidance, and verification of work performed.

• Pre-Task Briefings: Conduct daily briefings to discuss the day's tasks, potential hazards, and quality expectations.
• Regular Inspections: Perform frequent checks at every stage (marking, rebar, formwork, concreting) against drawings and specifications.
• Material Verification: Ensure correct materials are used and stored properly.
• Workmanship Monitoring: Observe techniques, ensure proper tools are used, and correct deviations immediately.
• Documentation Oversight: Ensure all quality control tests and inspection records are accurately maintained.
• Communication: Maintain open communication with the workforce, addressing concerns and providing clarity.
• Corrective Actions: Implement prompt corrective actions for any non-conformities and ensure they are resolved.

• Falls from height during formwork and reinforcement
• Formwork collapse during concreting
• Struck by falling objects
• Cuts from reinforcement and formwork
• Concrete splashes in eyes
• Musculoskeletal injuries from lifting
• Electrical hazards from vibrators and tools

• Provide proper scaffolding with guardrails
• Use personal fall arrest systems when required
• Design formwork with adequate safety factor
• Inspect formwork before concreting
• Use hard hats, safety shoes, and hand protection
• Wear eye protection during concreting
• Use mechanical lifting equipment for heavy materials
• Inspect electrical tools and use with GFCI protection
• Maintain clean work areas to prevent trips and falls
• Provide proper lighting for all work areas

• Establish emergency response plan
• Provide first aid kits at accessible locations
• Display emergency contact numbers
• Train workers on emergency procedures
• Conduct regular safety drills
• Document and review all incidents