Site clearance prepares the construction area by removing obstacles that may interfere with foundation work. This ensures proper access, accurate layout marking, and safe working conditions. It's the first critical step in ensuring a stable and safe construction site.

• Verify site boundaries and existing structures using surveying instruments.
• Remove all vegetation, trees, organic material, and topsoil (min. 150mm depth) from the entire site area.
• Clear debris, waste materials, and any existing structures or foundations.
• Identify and mark underground utilities (water, sewer, electrical, gas) with clear signage. Obtain utility maps.
• Level the area as per design requirements to create a uniform working platform.
• Establish effective drainage paths and temporary sumps to prevent water accumulation during construction.
• Document initial site conditions with photographs and a detailed site clearance report.

• Total Station or Theodolite for precise angle and distance measurement.
• Measuring tapes (30m & 5m) - steel tapes for accuracy.
• Lime/chalk powder or spray paint for clear markings.
• Wooden pegs, iron rods, and hammer for establishing benchmarks.
• Nylon string/thread and plumb bob for alignment and verticality.
• Approved layout drawing (architectural and structural).
• Spirit level for checking horizontality.

• Establish primary reference points (PCPs) and benchmarks as per the site plan, ensuring they are outside the excavation zone.
• Mark the main axes of the building (grid lines) using the Total Station, ensuring perpendicularity.
• Set up sturdy batter boards (offset boards) beyond excavation limits, typically 1.5m to 2m away, to preserve grid lines.
• Transfer grid lines from batter boards to the ground using strings and plumb bobs.
• Mark footing dimensions and locations precisely using lime/chalk powder or spray paint based on the approved structural drawings.
• Verify diagonal measurements for all rectangular/square footing layouts to ensure accuracy (e.g., using Pythagorean theorem for 3-4-5 method).
• Double-check all dimensions, offsets, and levels against the layout drawing.
• Obtain formal approval from the site engineer or consultant before proceeding with excavation.

• Excavate as per the marked layout and specified foundation depth. Ensure over-excavation is minimized.
• Maintain stable side slopes (e.g., 1:1 or 1:2 depending on soil type) or provide adequate shoring/strutting for deep excavations as per IS 3764.
• Check the bottom level of the excavation using leveling instruments (dumpy level/auto level) to ensure it matches the design Reduced Level (RL).
• Ensure the foundation bed is firm, undisturbed, and free from loose soil, organic matter, or debris. Remove any soft pockets and backfill with approved material compacted in layers.
• Arrange for continuous dewatering if groundwater is encountered, using pumps or well-point systems, to keep the excavation dry.
• Provide safe access (ladders, ramps) and egress points for workers, along with proper ventilation for deep excavations.

Soil compaction ensures a stable foundation base by increasing its density and bearing capacity. The core cutter test determines the field density to verify compaction quality.

• Compact the foundation bed using appropriate equipment like plate compactors, vibratory rollers, or rammers, especially if the natural soil is loose.
• Perform compaction in layers of 150 mm to 300 mm thickness, ensuring uniform compaction throughout.
• Conduct core cutter tests at multiple locations (e.g., one test per 100 sqm or per 20 cum of compacted fill) to verify the achieved density.
• Compare the field dry density results with the specified compaction requirements, typically 95% of the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) obtained from the Standard Proctor Test.

• Weigh the empty core cutter (W1).
• Drive the core cutter into the compacted soil using a dolly and rammer until the collar is flush with the soil surface.
• Carefully excavate the cutter with the soil and trim both ends flush. Clean the outside of the cutter.
• Weigh the core cutter with the soil (W2).
• Calculate the wet density of soil (gamma_wet) = (W2 - W1) / Volume of core cutter.
• Take a small sample from the excavated soil for moisture content determination (w).
• Calculate the dry density (gamma_dry) = gamma_wet / (1 + w), where w is moisture content in decimal.
• Compare gamma_dry with the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) obtained from laboratory Proctor test.

PCC provides a level, firm, and clean working surface for the reinforced concrete foundation. It prevents direct contact between the reinforcement steel and the soil, thereby protecting against corrosion and contamination. It also helps in achieving accurate concrete cover for the footing.

Standard PCC for foundation bedding is typically of M5 or M7.5 grade, corresponding to a mix ratio of 1:4:8 or 1:3:6 (cement:sand:aggregate) by volume. The thickness usually ranges from 75 mm to 100 mm.

• Ensure the excavated area is clean, level, and free from any loose soil or standing water.
• Lightly moisten the foundation bed before placing PCC to prevent excessive water absorption from the concrete.
• Prepare the concrete mix as per the specified ratio, ensuring uniform consistency.
• Perform a slump test to check workability (recommended slump 50 mm to 75 mm).
• Place concrete starting from corners and edges, ensuring even distribution.
• Level the concrete surface using screeds and floats to maintain uniform thickness and a smooth finish.
• Compact the concrete using tamping rods or plate vibrators to remove air voids.
• Ensure PCC extends 50 mm to 75 mm beyond the main footing dimensions on all sides.
• Initiate curing of the PCC layer within 24 hours of placement and continue for a minimum of 24 to 48 hours.

After the PCC hardens sufficiently, precise marking for the main foundation corners and column positions is essential for accurate reinforcement placement and formwork installation.

• Transfer the primary grid lines from the batter boards onto the hardened PCC surface using a Total Station or measuring tape and plumb bob.
• Measure and mark the exact foundation dimensions (length, width) on the PCC surface as per the approved structural drawings.
• Mark column center points and draw their precise outlines on the PCC based on the grid lines and column dimensions.
• Use chalk lines, permanent markers, or spray paint for clear and durable markings.
• Cross-check all diagonal measurements and perpendicularities to ensure the layout is perfectly square/rectangular.
• Verify column spacing and alignment with respect to each other and the overall grid.

• Clearly identify each column grid reference (e.g., C1, C2, A-B, 1-2) from the structural drawing.
• Mark column center points accurately at the intersection of the grid lines.
• Draw the exact column outlines considering their dimensions and orientation (e.g., 300 x 450 mm).
• Indicate the precise locations for column starter bars within the column outline.

• Mark clear and precise outlines for isolated footings, combined footings, strip footings, or raft foundations as applicable.
• Indicate precise dimensions for the depth and width of each footing.
• Mark locations for any planned construction joints if the footing is too large for a single pour.
• Indicate the positions for the main reinforcement bars and their lap locations.
• Obtain final approval from the site engineer or quality control team before proceeding to reinforcement work.

A Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) is a comprehensive document that provides all necessary information for cutting, bending, and placing reinforcement bars. It includes details such as bar type, size (diameter), shape (with shape codes), length, number of bars, and bending dimensions. It is crucial for efficient material management, cost control, and ensuring structural integrity.

• Thoroughly study and understand the structural drawings, including general notes, bar detailing, and sections.
• Extract all reinforcement details for each structural element (footings, columns, beams, slabs).
• Follow IS 2502:1963 for standard shape codes, bending allowances, and tolerances.
• Calculate the cutting length for each bar, accounting for bend deductions and hooks/laps.
• Organize the information in a standard BBS format, including: Member Reference (e.g., F1, C1), Bar Mark, Diameter (mm), Number of Bars, Shape Code, Cutting Length (m), Total Length (m), and Unit Weight (kg/m).
• Review and get formal approval from the structural consultant or design engineer before fabrication.

Accurate weight calculation is essential for material procurement, inventory management, and cost control.

• Formula for Weight (kg): Weight (kg) = (d^2 / 162) x L
• Where: d = diameter in mm, L = length in meters
• Alternatively, use standard weights per meter for common bar diameters:

• Verify reinforcement grade (e.g., Fe 500D) and diameter of all bars against the BBS and structural drawings.
• Check the bending of all bars for compliance with specified shape codes and dimensions.
• Inspect bars for any signs of rust, oil, paint, mud, or other contaminants that might affect bond with concrete. Clean if necessary.
• Prepare an adequate number of concrete cover blocks (spacers) of the correct thickness (minimum 50 mm for foundations).
• Ensure the PCC surface is thoroughly cleaned and free from any loose material or dust before placing reinforcement.

• Place the concrete cover blocks on the PCC at regular intervals (75 cm to 100 cm) to achieve the required bottom cover.
• Arrange the bottom layer of main reinforcement bars as per the specified spacing and direction.
• Install the bottom layer of distribution bars perpendicular to the main bars, tying all intersections securely with binding wire (min. 20 gauge).
• Install spacer bars or chairs to maintain the correct distance between the bottom and top reinforcement layers (if a double mesh is required).
• Place the top layer reinforcement (if applicable) in the same manner as the bottom layer.
• Fix column starter bars precisely in position, ensuring correct spacing, alignment, and verticality using templates or guides.
• Ensure all bars are firmly secured to prevent displacement during concrete pouring and vibration.
• Verify the development length of column dowel bars into the footing as per design.

Shuttering (formwork) provides a mold to hold fresh concrete in the desired shape and dimensions until it gains sufficient strength to be self-supporting.

• Timber Formwork: Traditional, flexible for complex shapes, but less durable and requires more labor.
• Steel Formwork: Durable, precise, provides a smooth finish, suitable for repetitive use (e.g., column forms, beam bottom plates).
• Plywood Formwork: Common for footing sides and slab bottoms, provides a good finish, reusable multiple times.
• Proprietary Systems: Advanced systems like DOKA, PERI, or Mivan, offering rapid construction, high precision, and significant reusability.

• Measure and cut formwork panels to the required dimensions of the footing.
• Apply a suitable form release agent (e.g., form oil) to the inner surfaces of the formwork to prevent concrete adhesion and facilitate easy removal.
• Place the side forms accurately as per the marked layout on the PCC, ensuring they are plumb and level.
• Secure corners with proper bracing (e.g., wooden battens, steel clamps) to maintain rigidity.
• Install adequate supports and props at required intervals to prevent deflection or collapse under concrete load.
• Check vertical alignment (plumb) using a spirit level or plumb bob and horizontal alignment (level) using a spirit level or auto level.
• Seal all joints and gaps in the formwork using tape, foam, or mastic to prevent grout leakage, which can lead to honeycombing.
• Install tie rods or spacers (e.g., PVC pipes) to maintain the correct width of the footing and prevent bulging.
• Provide external bracing and support to withstand the lateral pressure exerted by fresh concrete during pouring and vibration.

• Verify that all formwork dimensions (length, width, depth) precisely match the structural drawings.
• Inspect the overall stability and rigidity of the shuttering system. Ensure no movement or wobbling.
• Confirm that forms are clean and free from any debris, sawdust, or standing water.
• Check for proper alignment, level, and plumb of all formwork faces.
• Inspect for any gaps or openings that might lead to concrete leakage (grout loss).
• Verify that the reinforcement cage has not been disturbed or displaced during shuttering installation.
• Ensure adequate supports are provided for the anticipated concrete load and vibration.
• Check for provision of construction joints if required by design.

Foundation concrete is typically M20 or M25 grade, depending on structural requirements and soil conditions.

• Obtain final approval of reinforcement and shuttering from the structural engineer/consultant.
• Verify the stability and alignment of the entire shuttering system.
• Confirm that the concrete mix design (from RMC plant or site batching) is approved and corresponds to the required grade.
• Arrange for concrete cube molds (150x150x150mm) and prepare them for sampling (minimum 6 cubes per 50 cum or part thereof).
• Ensure adequate vibration equipment (needle vibrators of appropriate size) is available and in working condition, along with standby units.
• Prepare tools for finishing and leveling the concrete surface (screeds, floats).
• Arrange for proper lighting if concreting is expected to extend into the evening or night.
• Prepare curing arrangements (water source, curing compounds, gunny bags) in advance.

• Perform a slump test on each batch of concrete before placement to ensure workability (recommended slump 75 mm to 100 mm for foundations).
• Cast concrete cube samples for 7-day and 28-day compressive strength tests as per IS 516:1959.
• Place concrete in horizontal layers not exceeding 450 mm thickness.
• Use chutes, tremie pipes, or concrete pumps for proper placement, avoiding segregation.
• Avoid dropping concrete from a height exceeding 1.5 m to prevent segregation.
• Compact each layer thoroughly using needle vibrators. Ensure the vibrator penetrates 25 mm to 50 mm into the previously laid layer.
• Maintain a uniform level during pouring and avoid over-vibration, which can cause segregation.
• Level the top surface of the footing using screeds and floats to achieve the desired finish and level.
• Roughen the surface if a construction joint is planned for subsequent concrete pours.

• Begin initial curing as soon as the concrete starts setting (typically within 6 to 24 hours of pouring).
• Remove formwork only after the concrete has gained sufficient strength (minimum 24 to 48 hours for sides, longer for soffits).
• Apply appropriate curing methods: ponding (most effective for horizontal surfaces), covering with wet gunny bags/sand, or applying curing compounds.
• Keep the concrete continuously moist for a minimum of 7 days for ordinary Portland cement, and 10 days for mineral admixtures or hot weather.
• Protect the concrete from rapid drying, extreme temperatures (freezing or excessive heat), and mechanical damage.
• Maintain detailed curing records, including start/end times, method used, and weather conditions.

• Soil Compaction Test: Core cutter or sand replacement method to verify field density (IS 2720).
• Slump Test: For workability check of fresh concrete (IS 1199:1959).
• Concrete Cube Compressive Strength Test: For 7-day and 28-day strength (IS 516:1959).
• Steel Reinforcement Testing: Tensile strength, bend/re-bend test (IS 1786:2008).
• Dimensional Checks: For excavation, PCC, reinforcement cage, and final concrete dimensions.
• Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Rebound hammer test (IS 13311 Part 2) or Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test (IS 13311 Part 1) for in-situ concrete quality assessment.

• Approved architectural and structural drawings (latest revisions).
• Site clearance and excavation inspection reports.
• Soil investigation report and soil bearing capacity certificates.
• Layout approval and setting out verification records.
• Bar Bending Schedules (BBS) with approval.
• Concrete mix design approval.
• Concrete pour cards/records (date, time, grade, volume, slump).
• Concrete cube test reports (7-day and 28-day strength).
• Material test certificates for cement, aggregates, and steel.
• Daily progress reports and site diaries.
• Photographic evidence at all critical stages (excavation, rebar, concreting).
• Records of any site instructions, non-conformities, and remedial actions.