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Building Painting Work Procedure

Quality standard operating procedure for building painting works ensuring durability, aesthetics, and surface protection through proper preparation, application, and quality control in accordance with Indian Standards (IS Codes).

Material: Paints & Coatings Validity: All Projects Quality Priority: High
1

Objective

To establish a comprehensive quality control procedure for building painting works ensuring durability, aesthetics, and surface protection through proper preparation, application, and inspection methods in accordance with Indian Standards (IS Codes).

2

IS Code References

Category IS Code Description
Exterior Painting IS 5410:2013 Cement Paint Specifications
Interior Painting IS 15489:2013 Specifications for Interior Paints
Distemper IS 428:2000 Distemper and Dry Color Specifications
Synthetic Enamel IS 2933:1975 Enamel, Exterior (a) Undercoating, (b) Finishing
Wall Putty IS 419:1967 Putty for Use on Window Frames
Plastic Emulsion IS 5411:1974 Plastic Emulsion Paint (Parts 1 & 2)
Primer IS 109:1968 Ready Mixed Paint, Brushing, Priming, Plaster to Indian Standard Color
Application Method IS 2395:1994 Code of Practice for Painting Concrete, Masonry and Plaster Surfaces
Measurement of DFT IS 101 (Part 3/Sec 3):1987 Methods of Test for Paints, Varnish and Related Products - Dry Film Thickness
Adhesion Test IS 101 (Part 5/Sec 2):1988 Methods of Test for Paints, Varnish and Related Products - Adhesion (Cross-cut test)
3

Materials & Equipment

A
Painting Materials
  • Primers (Water-based/Oil-based as per surface requirement)
  • Wall putty (Acrylic/Cement based as per requirement)
  • Paints (Emulsion, Distemper, Enamel, etc. as specified)
  • Thinners/Solvents (Turpentine, Water, etc. as per paint type)
  • Sandpaper (Various grades from 80 to 400 grit)
  • Masking tape and protective sheets
  • Crack fillers and sealants
IS 15489:2013 IS 5411:1974 IS 109:1968
B
Equipment & Tools
  • Paint brushes (Various sizes: 25mm to 150mm)
  • Rollers (Short, Medium, and Long pile)
  • Putty knives and scrapers
  • Paint trays and buckets
  • Paint mixers and stirrers
  • Measuring tools (Tape, Moisture meter)
  • Ladders, scaffolding, and work platforms
  • Paint sprayers (if applicable for large areas)
  • Wet film thickness gauge (comb gauge)
  • Dry film thickness gauge (magnetic/eddy current type)
  • Gloss meter
C
Safety Equipment
  • Dust masks and respirators
  • Safety goggles or face shields
  • Hand gloves (Rubber/Cotton based on work type)
  • Safety helmets and boots
  • Safety harnesses (for high-rise work)
  • First aid kit
  • Fire extinguishers (especially for solvent-based paints)
4

Pre-Painting Surface Preparation

A
Surface Inspection & Cleanup
  • Ensure surface is dry and free from moisture (Moisture content <12% as per IS 2395:1994)
  • Check and repair all cracks, holes, and surface defects using appropriate fillers
  • Clean all dirt, dust, grease, and loose particles thoroughly
  • Ensure surface is free from efflorescence, algae, and fungal growth. Treat affected areas with fungicidal solution.
  • Allow newly plastered surfaces to cure for minimum 28 days before painting to prevent efflorescence and cracking.
IS 2395:1994
B
New Surface Preparation
  • Remove oil/grease with suitable degreaser if present.
  • Sand the entire surface with suitable grit sandpaper (e.g., 80-120 grit for initial leveling, then 180-220 grit for smoothness).
  • Apply one coat of appropriate primer as specified (e.g., water-based for emulsions, oil-based for enamels) and allow to dry thoroughly as per manufacturer's instructions.
  • Apply wall putty in 2-3 thin coats (total thickness not exceeding 1.5mm) to achieve a smooth and even surface.
  • Allow each coat of putty to dry for 4-6 hours minimum before applying the next coat.
  • Sand finished putty surface for smooth finish with 280-320 grit sandpaper.
  • Clean dust after sanding using a clean, damp cloth or vacuum cleaner.
IS 2395:1994 IS 109:1968 IS 419:1967
C
Old Surface Preparation (Re-painting)
  • Remove all loose and flaking paint using a wire brush and scraper.
  • Treat fungal/algal growth with a fungicidal solution and allow to dry completely.
  • Sand the entire surface to create proper adhesion for new paint (e.g., 180-220 grit).
  • Repair major cracks and holes with suitable crack fillers.
  • Apply fresh putty only on repaired areas or the entire surface if required to achieve uniformity.
  • Sand puttied areas to match the surrounding surface texture.
  • Clean thoroughly before primer application to remove all dust and debris.
  • Apply one coat of primer, especially if the old paint was removed or the surface is highly absorbent.
IS 2395:1994
D
Primer Application
  • Select appropriate primer based on:
    • Interior/Exterior application
    • Surface type (Concrete, Wood, Metal, etc.)
    • Final paint type (Emulsion, Enamel, etc.)
  • Thin primer as per manufacturer's instructions (typically 15-20% with water for water-based, or appropriate thinner for oil-based).
  • Apply evenly using brush, roller, or spray as suitable, ensuring no runs or sags.
  • Allow primer to dry for minimum 6-8 hours (follow manufacturer's recommendation for specific drying times).
  • Apply second coat of primer if required for highly absorbent surfaces or if the first coat appears patchy.
IS 109:1968 IS 2395:1994
5

Painting Execution Procedure

A
Environmental Conditions
  • Air temperature: 10°C to 35°C is ideal for most paints.
  • Relative humidity: Below 85% to ensure proper drying and adhesion.
  • Avoid painting in direct sunlight, rain, or high wind, which can affect drying and finish quality.
  • Ensure proper ventilation in enclosed spaces to dissipate fumes and aid drying.
  • Schedule exterior painting during dry season when possible to avoid weather-related issues.
B
Paint Preparation
  • Stir paint thoroughly before use to ensure uniform consistency and color.
  • Thin paint as per manufacturer's specification (typically):
    • Emulsion paints: 15-20% with clean water
    • Enamel paints: 10-15% with mineral turpentine or appropriate thinner
    • Distemper: 40-45% with clean water
  • Test paint on a small, inconspicuous area to verify color, texture, and drying time before full application.
  • Use the same batch number for continuous surfaces to avoid color variation. If different batches are used, intermix them.
IS 5411:1974 IS 2933:1975
C
Paint Application Method
  • Apply the first coat of paint and allow to dry as per manufacturer's specification.
  • Lightly sand between coats for a smooth finish (e.g., 180-220 grit paper) if required, especially for glossy finishes.
  • Apply minimum 2 coats of finish paint for interior surfaces and 3 coats for exterior surfaces for optimal coverage and durability.
  • Maintain a wet edge while painting to avoid lap marks and ensure a seamless finish.
  • For emulsion/distemper:
    • Apply in "W" or "M" pattern and spread evenly with a roller.
    • Use a roller for large areas and a brush for edges, corners, and intricate details.
  • For enamel paints:
    • Apply in straight lines with a brush.
    • Follow with light cross-brushing for a smooth, even finish.
  • Allow minimum time between coats:
    • Emulsion/Distemper: 4-6 hours (or as per manufacturer).
    • Enamel paints: 16-24 hours (or as per manufacturer).
IS 2395:1994
D
Spray Painting Method (If Applicable)
  • Thin paint as per spray equipment requirements and manufacturer's guidelines.
  • Maintain 25-30 cm distance from the surface for even atomization and coverage.
  • Apply in even, parallel strokes with 50% overlap to ensure uniform film thickness.
  • Maintain constant speed for even coating and to avoid runs or sags.
  • Apply minimum 3 coats for proper coverage and desired finish.
  • Use appropriate nozzle size for the specific paint type and desired finish.
  • Ensure proper masking of adjacent areas to prevent overspray.
6

Special Applications

A
Textured Finishes
  • Apply a base coat of primer and allow to dry thoroughly.
  • Apply textured paint/compound using specialized tools:
    • Roller with specific texture profile for patterned finishes.
    • Trowel for stucco-like or rough finishes.
    • Special tools for creating unique patterns.
  • Allow the textured coat to dry for 24-48 hours, or as per manufacturer's instructions.
  • Apply a topcoat if required as per design specifications to enhance durability or color.
B
Waterproofing Paint Systems
  • Ensure surface is free from dampness, efflorescence, and structural cracks.
  • Apply crack-filling cementitious compound on all existing cracks and allow to cure.
  • Apply an elastomeric waterproofing primer as a base coat.
  • Apply minimum 2 coats of waterproofing paint with fiber mesh reinforcement if specified, ensuring full coverage.
  • Maintain minimum 6 hours between coats, or as recommended by the manufacturer.
  • Total dry film thickness should be as per manufacturer's recommendation (typically 80-100 microns).
C
Heat Reflective Coatings
  • Apply special acrylic primer suitable for heat reflective coating to ensure proper adhesion.
  • Apply minimum 2 coats of heat reflective paint.
  • Ensure uniform application with proper thickness to maximize reflective properties.
  • Allow 8-12 hours between coats, or as specified by the manufacturer.
  • Solar Reflective Index (SRI) should be >100 for effective results in reducing heat absorption.
7

Quality Control & Testing

A
Visual Inspection Checks
  • Check for uniform coverage and consistent color across the entire surface.
  • Ensure no pinholes, blisters, or bubbles are present on the painted surface.
  • Check for sagging, running, or prominent brush/roller marks.
  • Verify that edges and corners are properly painted with clean lines.
  • Ensure no paint spots or spills on adjacent surfaces (e.g., floors, windows, fixtures).
  • Check for shadowing or ghosting of the substrate, indicating insufficient coats or poor coverage.
  • Inspect for any foreign particles or debris embedded in the paint film.
B
Physical Testing
  • Wet Film Thickness (WFT): Check during application using a comb gauge to ensure proper spread rate.
  • Dry Film Thickness (DFT): Check after drying using a digital gauge (magnetic for ferrous, eddy current for non-ferrous substrates) as per IS 101 (Part 3/Sec 3):1987. Ensure it meets manufacturer's specifications.
  • Adhesion Test: Perform a cross-cut test as per IS 101 (Part 5/Sec 2):1988 or ASTM D3359 to assess paint adhesion to the substrate.
  • Gloss Level: Measure using a gloss meter at a 60° angle (or 20°/85° as appropriate) to ensure consistency and meet specified sheen.
  • Opacity Check: Ensure proper hiding power over the substrate, with no underlying color showing through.
  • Drying Time: Verify that the paint dries within the manufacturer's specified surface dry and hard dry times.
C
Material Testing (Batch Acceptance)
Test Method Acceptance Criteria
Specific Gravity IS 101 (Part 1/Sec 3):1986 As per manufacturer's specification (±0.05)
Viscosity IS 101 (Part 1/Sec 5):1989 As per manufacturer's specification (±10%)
Drying Time IS 101 (Part 3/Sec 1):1986 Surface Dry: 2-3 hrs, Hard Dry: 16-24 hrs (typical, follow manufacturer)
Fineness of Grind IS 101 (Part 2/Sec 2):1989 Min 4 Hegman scale (for pigmented paints)
Resistance to Alkali IS 101 (Part 6/Sec 7):1989 No damage or deterioration after specified exposure (especially for exterior paints)
Washability IS 101 (Part 3/Sec 7):1987 Min 1000 cycles for premium emulsion (no significant damage after specified cycles)
Flash Point IS 101 (Part 1/Sec 6):1987 As per safety regulations (important for solvent-based paints)
8

Common Defects & Remedial Measures

Defect Possible Cause Remedial Measure
Blistering Painting over damp surface, trapped moisture, improper surface preparation, heat exposure Remove blisters, allow to dry thoroughly, sand, and repaint after proper preparation and moisture mitigation.
Flaking/Peeling Poor adhesion, painting over glossy/dirty surface without sanding, incompatible paint layers, moisture ingress. Remove all loose paint, sand properly to create a profile, apply appropriate primer, and repaint. Address underlying moisture issues.
Efflorescence Water-soluble salts in substrate, moisture penetration from behind. Remove salt deposits with a stiff brush, treat with diluted muriatic acid (if safe for surface), rinse thoroughly, allow to dry, and repaint with alkali-resistant primer and paint. Address water source.
Cracking (Hairline/Alligatoring) Inflexible paint, excessive film thickness, rapid drying, substrate movement, poor quality paint. Remove cracked paint, fill hairline cracks with elastomeric filler, sand, and repaint with flexible paint system. For severe cracking, address structural issues.
Sagging/Running Excessive paint application in one coat, improper thinning, low paint viscosity, application in cold conditions. Allow to dry, sand smooth, reduce paint viscosity (if too thick), and reapply thinner, even coats.
Uneven Sheen/Patchiness Inconsistent application, uneven surface absorbency, improper stirring, varying film thickness. Apply additional uniform coat ensuring consistent application technique. Use a sealer/primer on highly absorbent areas.
Mold/Mildew Growth High humidity, poor ventilation, presence of organic matter on surface, inadequate mold-resistant additives in paint. Clean with bleach solution (1:3 with water), rinse, allow to dry completely, apply fungicidal primer and paint with mold-resistant properties. Improve ventilation.
Chalking Degradation of paint binder due to UV exposure, common in exterior paints. Clean off chalky residue thoroughly, apply a penetrating primer/sealer, and repaint with high-quality exterior paint.
9

Safety Precautions

  • Wear appropriate respiratory protection (dust masks, respirators with organic vapor cartridges) especially with solvent-based paints or during sanding.
  • Use safety goggles or face shields to protect eyes from paint splashes and dust during sanding.
  • Wear suitable chemical-resistant gloves to protect skin from chemicals in paints and thinners.
  • Ensure proper ventilation in enclosed spaces; use exhaust fans if needed to remove fumes.
  • No smoking, open flames, or spark-producing equipment near painting areas, especially with flammable solvent-based paints.
  • Use stable ladders, scaffolding, and work platforms with proper safety measures (e.g., guardrails, outriggers) for height work. Ensure they are inspected before use.
  • Keep a fully stocked first aid kit accessible at all times and ensure personnel are trained in its use.
  • Store paint materials and thinners away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and in well-ventilated areas.
  • Ensure all electrical equipment used is in good condition and properly grounded to prevent electrical hazards.
  • Post warning signs in painting areas to alert others of ongoing work and potential hazards.
10

Post-Painting Procedure

A
Clean-up
  • Remove all masking tapes and protective coverings carefully once the paint is dry to touch, to avoid peeling the paint film.
  • Clean all tools and equipment thoroughly with appropriate solvents/water immediately after use.
  • Dispose of empty paint cans, paint waste, and used rags as per local environmental regulations. Do not pour paint down drains.
  • Clean any paint spillage immediately using appropriate methods (e.g., wet cloth for water-based, solvent for oil-based).
B
Final Inspection
  • Conduct a thorough final inspection of all painted surfaces under adequate lighting (both natural and artificial).
  • Check for any missed spots, thin areas, or remaining defects.
  • Ensure uniform finish and color consistency across all painted areas.
  • Touch up any imperfections before final handover, ensuring the touch-up blends seamlessly.
  • Verify that all adjacent surfaces, fixtures, and fittings are clean and free from paint marks.
C
Documentation
  • Record paint batch numbers, brands, colors, and quantities used for future reference and maintenance.
  • Prepare maintenance guidelines for the client, including cleaning instructions and recommended repaint cycles.
  • Collect warranties from paint manufacturers and provide them to the client.
  • Document before, during, and after photographs of the painting work for quality assurance and record-keeping.
  • Obtain client sign-off on the completed work, confirming their satisfaction with the finish.
11

Maintenance Guidelines for Painted Surfaces

  • Clean painted surfaces regularly with a soft cloth or sponge to remove dust and light dirt.
  • Use a mild detergent solution and water for cleaning water-based paints. For stubborn stains on oil-based paints, use appropriate mild cleaners.
  • Avoid harsh chemicals, abrasive cleaners, and scrubbing pads that can damage the paint film.
  • Clean stains immediately to prevent them from setting and causing permanent damage.
  • Touch up minor damages, scratches, or chips promptly to prevent further deterioration and moisture ingress.
  • Inspect painted surfaces annually for signs of damage, peeling, cracking, or color fading.
  • Repaint exterior surfaces every 3-5 years depending on exposure to weather, pollution, and paint quality.
  • Repaint interior surfaces every 5-7 years depending on usage, wear and tear, and desired aesthetics.
  • Address any moisture issues (e.g., leaks, dampness) immediately, as they are primary causes of paint failure.
12

Final Acceptance Criteria

Parameter Acceptance Criteria
Surface Preparation Smooth, even, free from defects (cracks, holes), properly sanded, and clean.
Color Uniformity No visible variation in color tone, shade, or texture across the entire surface.
Coverage Complete hiding of substrate, no substrate color or previous paint showing through.
Finish Quality Free from runs, sags, blisters, wrinkles, brush marks, roller marks, and other defects.
Edge Quality Clean, sharp, and straight lines between different colors or adjacent surfaces.
Sheen/Gloss Level Consistent level as per specification (e.g., matte, eggshell, semi-gloss, high gloss).
Adhesion No peeling, flaking, or detachment when tested (e.g., cross-cut test results are acceptable).
Dry Film Thickness (DFT) Meets or exceeds manufacturer's specified DFT for the number of coats applied.
Cleanliness All painted areas and adjacent surfaces are clean and free from paint spots, drips, or overspray.
Drying Time Paint is dry to touch and hard dry within specified times, allowing for normal use.
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